Diabetes Diet

10 January 2021

The diabetes mellitus diet is one of the methods of controlling the disease to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications. The main task of therapeutic measures is to normalize the metabolic processes of the body, optimizing blood sugar levels to the maximum allowed.

The key to the patient's well-being is adherence to a diet with a limited amount of carbohydrates and a well-chosen drug therapy.

If you don't start treating the disease in a timely manner, diabetes mellitus complicates the kidneys, the nervous system, the blood vessels, the eyes, the heart.

Etiology and pathogenesis

Today, 4% of the world population suffers from this disease. According to the WHO, 8640 people with diabetes die every day worldwide, 3 million people die every year. This number is several times higher than the mortality rate from hepatitis and AIDS. According to data from the International Diabetes Federation, as of 2014, the number of people with the disease is 285 million, at the same time, according to the forecast, by 2030. their number may grow to 438 million.

Etiology of the disease:

obesity;
hereditary predisposition;
viral infections (flu, tonsillitis), as a result of which the islet apparatus is damaged and latent diabetes is formed;
mental / physical trauma;
vascular, autoimmune diseases.

External factors that contribute to the development of diabetes:

prolonged mental stress, stress, fear, fear;
eating foods with excessive amounts of carbohydrates, saturated sugary substances;
prolonged excesses.

Symptoms of diabetes in men and women:

;
polyuria (increased urine up to 8 l / day);
weight loss;
hair loss;
drowsiness;
increased urination;
intense thirst;
decreased libido, potency;
itchy feet, palms, perineum;
increased appetite;
the wounds do not heal well;
decreased visual acuity;
odor of acetone in the mouth.

If you find signs of a disease, you should see a doctor immediately, as the effectiveness of diabetes treatment depends directly on the rate at which the first symptoms of the disease are detected, the completion of the diagnosis and drug therapy. Remember, in the early stages, the disease is easier to treat.

Classification of disease and role of nutrition

The main role after drug therapy should be given to the patient's diet.

The types of diet depend on the stage of pancreatic depression, the mechanism of its manifestation and the method of treatment.

Degrees of disease

Type 1 diabetes. It is a serious autoimmune disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. In that case, the pancreas does not produce or produces very little insulin needed to maintain the body's vital functions.
Type 2 diabetes. Often, this form of the disease develops in sedentary people with age, whose excess body weight exceeds 15% of the total weight.
Gestational diabetes. This type of diabetes mellitus develops in 4% of women during pregnancy, most often in the second trimester. Unlike the first two types of disease, in most cases it disappears immediately after the child's birth, but sometimes it can become the second type of diabetes. . . .

Less common forms (variants) of diabetes mellitus that occur in 1% of the world population are pre-diabetes, latent, neurogenic, renal, steroid, bronze, MODY.

Types of diabetes diet

Insulin injections, hypoglycemic drugs and physical activity are important to obtain a positive dynamic in the treatment of the disease. However, according to some doctors (A. Bronshtein, E. Malysheva, V. Kononov), the right diet plays a key role.

Types of nutrition programs

A carbohydrate-free diet is a technique that is based on consuming complex carbohydrates from vegetables, fruits - in large quantities, and excluding foods containing simple carbohydrates from the menu.
Protein diet for diabetes. This nutritional scheme is based on the principle of minimizing the consumption of carbohydrates and fats, increasing the protein in the diet. The main emphasis of the methodology is the substitution of meat for lean fish, poultry and derivatives of fermented milk.
Low carbohydrate diet, used to compose menus for type 1 diabetics. 2.
Buckwheat diet. Regular consumption of this product has a beneficial effect on the body: it reduces the level of "bad" cholesterol and saturates it with iron, rutin, calcium, magnesium, fiber, iodine, B vitamins. The buckwheat diet for diabetes helps to minimizethe likelihood of macrovascular complications and ulcers.
The diabetes prevention diet was designed to reduce the risk of developing pancreatic dysfunction.

With the appearance of exacerbations of the cardiac system and blood vessels, diet 10 is practiced for diabetes mellitus. Its peculiarity is to reduce the consumption of liquids, salt, fats, carbohydrates, as these substances overload the liver, the kidneys and excite the nervous system.

Let's consider in detail what kind of diet is needed for diabetes mellitus, recipes for dishes that can be consumed during the period of dietary nutrition.

Carbohydrate count

When detecting diabetes mellitus, it is important to properly balance the intake of carbohydrates and glucose-lowering substances in the body. To calculate the caloric content of the products, a universal parameter called a bread unit is used. At the same time, 1 XE (10 - 13 g of pure carbohydrates) increases glucose to 2, 77 mmol / l and "requires" 1, 4 units of insulin for its absorption. Since the injection is given before meals start, it is important to plan a single meal ration in advance.

The carbohydrate content of a meal should be 4 to 6 units of bread. The frequency and time of meals depends directly on the type of sugar-reducing medicine.

Quantity of product that corresponds to 1XE:

sugar - 1 tbsp. ;
honey - 1 tablespoon. I . ;
spaghetti - 1. 5 tbsp. ;
fruit juices - 150 ml;
ice cream - 60 g;
sparkling fresh water - 180 ml;
bread (rye, white, black) - 25 g;
pancakes or pancakes - 1 unit. ;
- 25 g;
porridge (oats, buckwheat, wheat) - 2 tablespoons. I. cereals;

kefir, fermented boiled milk, milk - 250 ml;

mashed potatoes - 100 g;

apples - 100 g;

legumes (peas, beans) - 5 tablespoons. I . ;

kiwi - 150 g; plums - 100 g;

peaches - 150 g;

dried fruits (prunes, raisins, dried apricots) - 20 g.

The carbohydrate saturation of a diabetic's daily diet should not exceed 17 units of bread (2, 000 kcal).

In addition to counting saccharides, it is important that patients with pancreatic dysfunction carefully select foods for a meal based on prohibited and permitted ingredients.

Diabetes food table
Product category	Allowed	Available in limited quantity	Prohibited foods
Bakery products	Separate	Confectionery with wheat, whole grains, rye, second-class flour	Puff pastry, pastry
Meat and Poultry	-	Lean varieties of veal, lamb, chicken, turkey, rabbit, cooked tongue, diet sausage	Fat pig, ox, goose, duck, canned food, sausages, bacon, smoked sausages
First courses	Borscht, cabbage soup, fish soup, soups: mushrooms, fish, beets	Low fat solyanka	Noodle soups, fatty broths, traditional kharcho
Fish	Lean Fish Fillet	Mussels, squid, prawns, oysters, crawfish, salmon family fish (trout, salmon, salmon)	Eel, caviar, canned food in oil, fish from the herring family (sprat, sprat, herring), sturgeon (star sturgeon, beluga, sturgeon)
Dairy products, fermented dairy products	Milk, kefir, 25-30% unsalted cheese	Homemade yogurt, 0% milk, feta cheese, 5% cottage cheese, curdled milk, fermented cooked milk	Sour cream, 50-60% cheese, salted cheese, glazed curd, butter, condensed milk, cream
Porridge	Buckwheat, barley, oats, barley, millet	-	Semolina, brown rice, pasta
Vegetables	Carrot, cabbage (all types), beet, pumpkin, tomato, zucchini, eggplant, onion, turnip, radish, mushrooms, cucumber, fresh green leaves, peppers	Corn, boiled potatoes, fresh vegetables	French fries, sautéed vegetables, pickled and salted vegetables
Fruits, berries	Quince, lemon, cranberries, pear	Plums, apples, peaches, oranges, cherries, blueberries, watermelon, currants, raspberries	Grapes, figs, dates, raisins, bananas
Desserts	Fruit salads	Sambuca, jams, sweetened mousse, fruit jelly, green cocktails with honey (1 Dec. l. )	Ice cream, cakes, fat cookies, cakes, jellies, puddings, sweets, milk chocolate with nuts
Sauces and spices	Mustard, pepper, horseradish, tomato juice, cinnamon, dried spices and herbs	Homemade mayonnaise	Ketchups, sautéed vegetables, bought sauces
Drinks	Tea, cocoa, ground coffee (without sugar and cream), rosehip and raspberry decoction, sugar-free fruit nectars, acidic wild fruit drinks	Natural vegetable juices (diluted)	Lemonades with sugar, kvass, sweet drinks, alcohol
Fats	-	Vegetable oils (flaxseed, corn, sunflower), unsalted butter	Lard, meat fats

After converting carbohydrates into bread units, it is important to determine the amount of insulin needed to use postprandial blood sugar. Following this recommendation will help to avoid life-threatening conditions - hyper and hypoglycemia.

Diet for grade 1 diabetes

The type 1 diabetes diet is based on strict control of the blood glucose concentration at the level (3, 5. . 5, 5 mmol / l).

Consider the characteristics of food intake, allowing you to keep your level within the established limits.

The maximum daily caloric content of the dishes (total per day) is 2, 000 kcal.
Fractional nutrition (at least 5 times).
Remove pure sucrose from the menu to reduce blood glucose.
Distribute the main dose of carbohydrates for breakfast and lunch.
Don't eat at night.
Avoid ingesting easily digestible carbohydrates: baked goods, honey, jam, preserves.
Use a natural sweetener as a sweetener.
To monitor the quality, "naturalness" of the products.
Adjust the insulin therapy regimen for meals (a long-acting medication is administered before meals, a short one - after meals).
Calculate the number of units of bread to account for the amount of carbohydrates eaten per day. For a meal, you should not eat more than 8 XE.

In the presence of gastrointestinal diseases (pancreatitis, ulcers, gastritis), the diabetes mellitus diet prohibits the consumption of products such as: pickles, smoked meats, rich broths, coffee, soft drinks, alcohol, mushrooms, canned foods that stimulate excessive secretionof enzymes, because they affect the rate and level of carbohydrate absorption.

Allowed foods for type 1 diabetes:

baked products without yeast (lavash);
berries, fruits (plum, cherry, lemon, apple, pear, orange);
soy products (tofu, milk);
cereals (pearl barley, oats, buckwheat porridge);
vegetarian puree soups;
drinks (lightly carbonated mineral water, wild fruit mousses, dried fruit compote);
vegetables (onion, zucchini, peppers, beets, carrots);
nuts (not toasted);
weak coffee, green / black teas / unsweetened fruit.

Don't eat:

soups and rich broths;
pasta, flour products;
sweets (cakes, sweets, candies, chocolate, muffins);
fast food, semi-finished products;
alcoholic beverages (it is strictly forbidden to drink red wine for dessert);
acidic, smoked and seasoned foods;
fatty meats (pork, lamb, duck), fish (mackerel).

The daily caloric intake of an obese patient on this insulin diet is in the range of 1200-1400 kcal. In the absence of the need to get rid of the extra pounds, the portions of dishes can be increased.

Diet for a week for overweight insulin addicts

Day # 1

breakfast - bread - 1 slice, porridge - 170 g, green tea, cheese - 40 g;
second breakfast - pear - 0, 5 pcs, young cheese - 60 g;
lunch - borscht - 250 g, stewed cabbage - 200 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g, lavash;
afternoon tea - rosehip broth, cottage cheese - 100 g, fruit jelly - 100 g;
dinner - cauliflower zrazy - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g;
before bed - milk - 200 ml.

Day # 2

breakfast - cooked veal - 50 g, green tea, omelet, tomato - 1 piece, bread - 1 slice;
according to breakfast - grapefruit or orange - 1 piece, pistachio - 50 g;
lunch - chicken breast - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, pumpkin porridge - 150 g;
afternoon tea - grapefruit - 1 pc. , kefir - 200 ml. ;
dinner - cooked fish - 100 g, cooked cabbage - 200 g;
Bedtime - sugar-free biscuit - 50g

Day # 3

breakfast - lavash, weak coffee without sugar, cabbage rolls with meat - 200 g;
according to breakfast - strawberries - 120 g, yogurt - 200 ml;
lunch - pasta - 100 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed fish - 100 g;
afternoon tea - orange - 1 un. , decoction of dried fruits;
dinner - cottage cheese casserole with pears - 250 g;
before bed - kefir.

Day 4

breakfast - porridge - 200 g, green tea, cheese - 70 g. boiled egg - 1 un. ;
second breakfast - toast with cheese, turkey fillet;
lunch - stewed zucchini with meat - 200 g, vegetarian puree soup - 150 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
afternoon tea - thin biscuits - 15 g, unsweetened black tea;
dinner - green beans - 200 g, cooked chicken fillet - 150 g, rosehip broth;
before bed - dry diet bread - 3 pcs.

Day 5

breakfast - low fat cottage cheese (up to 5%) - 150 g, kefir - 200 ml;
second breakfast - pumpkin seeds - 2 tablespoons, raisins - 3 tablespoons;
lunch - baked potato - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, unsweetened jam - 100 g;
afternoon snack - unsweetened fruit tea, roasted pumpkin - 150 g;
dinner - vegetable salad - 200 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g or pancakes with blueberry in rye flour - 250 g;
before bed - kefir 1%.

Day 6

breakfast - boiled egg - 1 pc, fruit tea, light salmon with salt - 30 g;
second breakfast - cottage cheese - 150 g, carrots - 1 un. ;
lunch - green borscht - 250 g, cabbage roll with brown rice and carrots - 170 g; Pita bread;
afternoon tea - kefir - 150 ml. , bread - 2 units;
dinner - fresh peas - 100 g, cooked chicken fillet - 100 g, boiled eggplant - 150 g;
before bed - dry biscuits - 50 g.

Day 7

breakfast - ham - 50 g, buckwheat porridge - 200 g, green tea;
according to breakfast - tuna salad, cucumber, cherry tomatoes, whole rye bread - 150 g;
lunch - stewed zucchini with carrots - 100 g, cabbage soup - 250 g, bread - 1 slice, chicken cutlet - 50 g;
afternoon tea - cottage cheese - 100 g, apricots or plums - 4 pcs;
dinner - squid schnitzel with onion - 150 g, dried fruit compote;
before bed - milk - 200 ml.

The low carbohydrate diet for diabetes is a strictly balanced diet for the patient to keep sugar within the normal range and systematic weight loss.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Fundamentals of diet, health, nutrition:

replace refined carbohydrates with sweeteners;
the proportion of BZHU must be 20%: 30%: 50%;
reduces the consumption of animal fats by up to 50%;

The caloric content of the daily diet depends on the patient's energy consumption and body weight.

Diabetes Diet 9 or Table 9 is a balanced program for diabetic patients with mild to moderate obesity. According to her, the patient's diet consists of: proteins (100 g. ), Carbohydrates (320 g. ), Fats (80 g. ), Of which 30% are unsaturated triglycerides.

The type 2 diabetes diet is almost the same as the nutritional program for people who monitor their health:

divide the entire volume of daily food into 5 meals: 2 snacks in 1-2XE, 3 main meals in 5-8XE;
don't skip breakfast;
maximum interval between meals - 4 hours;
last meal of the night - 1, 5 hours before bedtime;
between meals, it is recommended to eat vegetable salads, fruits, natural juices, dried fruit broths, kefir, milk, green or fruit tea, sugar-free crackers, bread.

Daily diet for type 2 diabetes

Day # 1

breakfast - asparagus - 100g. , scrambled eggs from 3-4 quail eggs;
according to breakfast - salad of nuts, squid, apples - 200 g;
lunch - roasted eggplants stuffed with pomegranate, walnuts - 100 g, beets - 250 g;
afternoon tea - avocado and cocoa ice cream - 100 g;
Dinner - salmon steak with radish sauce - 200 g

Day # 2

breakfast - yogurt, rolled oats - 200 g (you can use stevia or agave nectar as a sweetener), apple - 1 un. ;
second breakfast - fruit smoothies (crush 80 g of cherry, strawberry, melon and 4 ice cubes in a blender);
lunch - roasted veal - 150 g, vegetable stew - 200 g;
afternoon snack - cottage cheese and pear casserole - 150 g;
dinner - vegetable mix - 200 g, avocado - half of the fruit.

Day # 3

breakfast - fried eggs of two eggs with added lean cheese, basil, tomato;
according to breakfast - "steamed" vegetables - 100 g, hummus - 100 g;
lunch - vegetarian puree soup - 200 g, green peas - 50 g chicken cutlets - 150 g;
afternoon tea - pear - 1 un. , almonds - 50 g;
Dinner - salmon - 150 g, yogurt, spinach.

Day 4

breakfast - roasted fruits (apples, plums, cherries) in agave nectar - 200 g;
second breakfast - sandwich with tuna and lettuce;
lunch - steak - 150 g, cooked cauliflower - 200 g, tomato salad, arugula, parmesan - 100 g;
afternoon snack - fruit and red fruit dessert (cut mango, kiwi, strawberries, combine with snow, pour orange juice and freeze) - 150 g;
dinner - broccoli roll - 200 g.

Day 5

breakfast - orange - 1 pc. ; fruit tea, low-fat cheese - 30 g, bread - 2 pieces;
second breakfast - beet salad with nuts - 200 g;
lunch - rice - 200 g, salmon, steamed - 150 g, grapefruit - 1 un. ;
afternoon tea - red fruits with 10% whipped cream - 150 g;
dinner - rosehip broth, squid schnitzel with onion - 200 g.

Day 6

breakfast - carrot and cottage cheese soufflé - 200 g;
according to breakfast - cauliflower zrazy - 100 g;
lunch - tangerine salad, chicken breast, arugula - 200 g, dried fruit compote, vegetable soup - 200 ml;
afternoon tea - kiwi, raspberry mousse - 200 ml. ;
dinner - steamed cod with carrots - 200 g, kefir.

Day 7

breakfast - baked apple stuffed with oat flakes, nuts, raisins - 1 piece;
second breakfast - kohlrabi fruit and vegetable salad, celery, pears - 200 g, prawns - 100 g;
lunch - polenta - 200 g, vegetables, cooked hake - 200 g, kiwi - 1 un. ;
afternoon tea - strawberries with mascarpone - 100 g;
dinner - cucumber salad with onion, spinach - 250 g, green tea.

Depending on the course of the disease, changes can be made in the patient menu.

Remember that the diet in the example above is not a universal nutritional system for all diabetics, so it is important to monitor your well-being when following it. In case of deterioration, “problematic” foods should be excluded from the menu.

Diet for gestational diabetes

In some cases, the pancreas malfunctions in the pregnant woman's body and, as a result, gestational diabetes develops. In most cases, this condition is easy to control with adequate nutrition.

Diet for diabetes during pregnancy

Eliminate sugar, confectionery, baked goods, semolina, sweet fruits and foods that contain diet sweeteners.
Balance the daily menu. The daily rate of carbohydrates is 50%, proteins - 30%, fats - 15-20%. At the same time, the Malysheva diet for diabetes makes it possible to minimize food intake, which contains plant and animal triglycerides (5-10%).
Observe the drink regime - 1, 5-2 liters of water per day.
Enrich the daily diet with starch (cereals, rye bread, brown rice, vegetables, sweet potatoes, Jerusalem artichoke, radish, beets) and fermented dairy products.
Snack with fresh fruits.
Distribute your daily food intake into 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and 2 snacks (lunch, afternoon snack).
Enrich your daily diet with multivitamin complexes for pregnant women.
Reduce sugar with folk remedies using decoctions of celery roots, linden flowers, blueberry leaves, lilac buds, bean pods.
Limit your caffeine intake. The permitted amount of alkaloids is 2 servings of coffee or tea.

The ideal caloric intake of a pregnant woman's daily diet is 2, 000 to 2, 500 kcal. At the same time, a carbohydrate-free diet for gestational diabetes is prohibited.

Menu recommended for pregnant women with high blood glucose

breakfast - millet porridge - 150 g, fruit tea, rye bread - 20 g;
according to breakfast - dry wholemeal bread - 50 g, unsalted cheese 17% - 20 g, apple - 1 unit;
lunch - buckwheat porridge - 100 g, a mixture of cabbage, Jerusalem artichoke, cucumber - 150 g, meat stew - 70 g;
afternoon tea - cottage cheese 5% - 100 g, sugar-free biscuit - 2 pcs. , orange - 1 pcs. ;
dinner - cooked chicken fillet - 60 g, vegetable garnish (carrots, cabbage, peppers) - 100 g, tomato juice - 180 ml, bread - 2 pcs. ;
3 hours before bedtime - kefir / yogurt - 200 ml.

In addition to following a special diet, patients with gestational diabetes can walk (40 minutes a day) and practice moderate physical activities (gymnastics, water aerobics).

Diet for insulin-dependent diabetes in children

Diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence is much more difficult to carry than in adults. A child's genetic predisposition, stress and malnutrition are the main causes of the development of autoimmune diseases.

In 80% of cases, children are diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1). Early diagnosis, prompt treatment and strict adherence to a special diet help to prevent the consequences of the disease.

Diet for diabetes in children

Exclude sugar, soda, confectionery, wheat flour, bakery products, fried foods and baked goods from the menu.
Enrich your daily menu with sugar-free fruits, vegetables and herbs (unlimited). Forbidden - grapes, bananas, raisins, dates, persimmons, figs.
Use natural sugar substitutes.
Divide your daily food intake into 6 meals. At the same time, it is important to eat food at regular intervals. The deviations allowed in the child's nutritional schedule are 15 to 20 minutes.
Meals should be taken after 15 minutes. after the introduction of insulin and 2 hours after injection.
If you can't eat at the appointed time, you can eat bread, pear, nuts, cheese sandwich or apple as a snack. In no case should you starve to death.
Taking a slice of chocolate immediately will help stop hypoglycemic attacks. Therefore, an adult accompanying a child must always have a sweet available.
Enrich your child's daily diet with fermented dairy products.
Calculate your daily fructose intake. The amount of sugar substitute depends directly on the child's age and the nature of the disease course.

To reduce blood glucose, it is advisable for the child to give decoctions of blueberries, nettles, corn stalks, mint leaves, barberry branches, bean pods, Jerusalem artichoke fruits, ginseng and eleutherococcus.

Thus, the diet of the patient with diabetes plays an important role, as the patient's well-being and life depend on the correction of its composition. Therefore, it is important to take diet compilation and adherence very seriously and carefully, otherwise neglect can lead to tragic consequences.